JPA - 高级映射

更新于 2024/5/31 13:42:33

JPA是一个以java规范发布的库。因此，它支持所有面向对象的实体持久化概念。到目前为止，我们已经完成了对象关系映射的基础知识。本章将带您了解对象和关系实体之间的高级映射。

继承策略

继承是面向对象语言的核心概念，因此我们可以在实体之间使用继承关系或策略。 JPA 支持 SINGLE_TABLE、JOINED_TABLE 和 TABLE_PER_CONCRETE_CLASS 三种继承策略。

让我们考虑一个 Staff、TeachingStaff、NonTeachingStaff 类及其关系的示例，如下所示:

在上图中，Staff 是一个实体，TeachingStaff 和 NonTeachingStaff 是 Staff 的子实体。这里我们将讨论上面例子中的所有三种继承策略。

SINGLE_TABLE 单表策略

单表策略采用所有类字段(超类和子类)并将它们映射到称为 SINGLE_TABLE 策略的单个表中。在这里，鉴别器值在区分一个表中三个实体的值方面起着关键作用。

让我们考虑上面的例子，TeachingStaff 和 NonTeachingStaff 是 Staff 类的子类。提醒一下继承的概念(是子类继承超类属性的机制)，因此 sid、sname 是同时属于TeachingStaff 和NonTeachingStaff 的字段。创建 JPA 项目。本项目各模块如下:

创建实体

在'src'包下创建一个名为'com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity'的包。在给定包下创建一个名为 Staff.java 的新 java 类。 Staff实体类如下所示:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import java.io.Serializable;

import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorColumn;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Inheritance;
import javax.persistence.InheritanceType;
import javax.persistence.Table;

@Entity
@Table
@Inheritance( strategy = InheritanceType.SINGLE_TABLE )
@DiscriminatorColumn( name = "type" )

public class Staff implements Serializable {
   @Id
   @GeneratedValue( strategy = GenerationType.AUTO )
   
   private int sid;
   private String sname;
   
   public Staff( int sid, String sname ) {
      super( );
      this.sid = sid;
      this.sname = sname;
   }
   
   public Staff( ) {
      super( );
   }
   
   public int getSid( ) {
      return sid;
   }
   
   public void setSid( int sid ) {
      this.sid = sid;
   }
   
   public String getSname( ) {
      return sname;
   }
   
   public void setSname( String sname ) {
      this.sname = sname;
   }
}

在上面的代码中，@DecriminatorColumn 指定字段名称(类型)，其值显示其余(Teaching 和 NonTeachingStaff)字段。

在 com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity 包下创建名为 TeachingStaff.java 的 Staff 类的子类(类)。 TeaStaff实体类如下所示:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;
import javax.persistence.Entity;

@Entity
@DiscriminatorValue( value="TS" )
public class TeachingStaff extends Staff {

   private String qualification;
   private String subjectexpertise;

   public TeachingStaff( int sid, String sname, 
   
   String qualification,String subjectexpertise ) {
      super( sid, sname );
      this.qualification = qualification;
      this.subjectexpertise = subjectexpertise;
   }

   public TeachingStaff( ) {
      super( );
   }

   public String getQualification( ){
      return qualification;
   }

   public void setQualification( String qualification ){
      this.qualification = qualification;
   }

   public String getSubjectexpertise( ) {
      return subjectexpertise;
   }

   public void setSubjectexpertise( String subjectexpertise ){
      this.subjectexpertise = subjectexpertise;
   }
}

在 com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity 包下创建名为 NonTeachingStaff.java 的 Staff 类的子类(类)。 NonTeachingStaff实体类如下所示:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;
import javax.persistence.Entity;

@Entity
@DiscriminatorValue( value = "NS" )

public class NonTeachingStaff extends Staff {
   private String areaexpertise;

   public NonTeachingStaff( int sid, String sname, String areaexpertise ) {
      super( sid, sname );
      this.areaexpertise = areaexpertise;
   }

   public NonTeachingStaff( ) {
      super( );
   }

   public String getAreaexpertise( ) {
      return areaexpertise;
   }

   public void setAreaexpertise( String areaexpertise ){
      this.areaexpertise = areaexpertise;
   }
}

Persistence.xml

Persistence.xml文件包含数据库的配置信息和实体类的注册信息。 xml文件如下所示:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<persistence version="2.0" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence"
   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
   xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence 
   http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">

   <persistence-unit name="Eclipselink_JPA" transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">
   
      <class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Staff</class>
      <class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.NonTeachingStaff</class>
      <class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.TeachingStaff</class>
      
      <properties>
         <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url" value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpadb"/>
         <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
         <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password" value="root"/>
         <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
         <property name="eclipselink.logging.level" value="FINE"/>
         <property name="eclipselink.ddl-generation" value="create-tables"/>
      </properties>
      
   </persistence-unit>
</persistence>

service 类

service 类是业务组件的实现部分。在 'src' 包下创建一个名为 'com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service' 的包。

在给定包下创建一个名为 SaveClient.java 的类来存储 Staff、TeachingStaff 和 NonTeachingStaff 类字段。 SaveClient类如下所示:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.NonTeachingStaff;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.TeachingStaff;

public class SaveClient {

   public static void main( String[ ] args ) {
   
      EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
      EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.createEntityManager( );
      entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );

      //Teaching staff entity 
      TeachingStaff ts1=new TeachingStaff(1,"Gopal","MSc MEd","Maths");
      TeachingStaff ts2=new TeachingStaff(2, "Manisha", "BSc BEd", "English");
      
      //Non-Teaching Staff entity
      NonTeachingStaff nts1=new NonTeachingStaff(3, "Satish", "Accounts");
      NonTeachingStaff nts2=new NonTeachingStaff(4, "Krishna", "Office Admin");

      //storing all entities
      entitymanager.persist(ts1);
      entitymanager.persist(ts2);
      entitymanager.persist(nts1);
      entitymanager.persist(nts2);
      
      entitymanager.getTransaction().commit();
      
      entitymanager.close();
      emfactory.close();
   }
}

编译并执行上述程序后，您将在 Eclipse IDE 的控制台面板中收到通知。检查 MySQL 工作台的输出。表格格式的输出如下所示:

Sid	Type	Sname	Areaexpertise	Qualification	Subjectexpertise
1	TS	Gopal		MSC MED	Maths
2	TS	Manisha		BSC BED	English
3	NS	Satish	Accounts
4	NS	Krishna	Office Admin

最后，您将得到一个表，其中包含所有三个类的字段，并且与名为 "Type"(字段)的鉴别器列不同。

JOINED_TABLE 联表策略

联表策略是共享包含唯一值的引用列来联表并轻松进行事务。让我们考虑与上面相同的示例。

创建 JPA 项目。全部项目模块如下所示:

创建实体

在'src'包下创建一个名为'com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity'的包。在给定包下创建一个名为 Staff.java 的新 java 类。 Staff实体类如下所示:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import java.io.Serializable;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Inheritance;
import javax.persistence.InheritanceType;
import javax.persistence.Table;

@Entity
@Table
@Inheritance( strategy = InheritanceType.JOINED )

public class Staff implements Serializable {

   @Id
   @GeneratedValue( strategy = GenerationType.AUTO )
   
   private int sid;
   private String sname;
   
   public Staff( int sid, String sname ) {
      super( );
      this.sid = sid;
      this.sname = sname;
   }
   
   public Staff( ) {
      super( );
   }
   
   public int getSid( ) {
      return sid;
   }
   
   public void setSid( int sid ) {
      this.sid = sid;
   }
   
   public String getSname( ) {
      return sname;
   }
   
   public void setSname( String sname ) {
      this.sname = sname;
   }
}

在 com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity 包下创建名为 TeachingStaff.java 的 Staff 类的子类(类)。 TeaStaff实体类如下所示:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;
import javax.persistence.Entity;

@Entity
@PrimaryKeyJoinColumn(referencedColumnName="sid")

public class TeachingStaff extends Staff {
   private String qualification;
   private String subjectexpertise;

   public TeachingStaff( int sid, String sname, 
   
   String qualification,String subjectexpertise ) {
      super( sid, sname );
      this.qualification = qualification;
      this.subjectexpertise = subjectexpertise;
   }

   public TeachingStaff( ) {
      super( );
   }

   public String getQualification( ){
      return qualification;
   }

   public void setQualification( String qualification ){
      this.qualification = qualification;
   }

   public String getSubjectexpertise( ) {
      return subjectexpertise;
   }

   public void setSubjectexpertise( String subjectexpertise ){
      this.subjectexpertise = subjectexpertise;
   }
}

在 com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity 包下创建名为 NonTeachingStaff.java 的 Staff 类的子类(类)。 NonTeachingStaff实体类如下所示:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;
import javax.persistence.Entity;

@Entity
@PrimaryKeyJoinColumn(referencedColumnName="sid")

public class NonTeachingStaff extends Staff {
   private String areaexpertise;

   public NonTeachingStaff( int sid, String sname, String areaexpertise ) {
      super( sid, sname );
      this.areaexpertise = areaexpertise;
   }

   public NonTeachingStaff( ) {
      super( );
   }

   public String getAreaexpertise( ) {
      return areaexpertise;
   }

   public void setAreaexpertise( String areaexpertise ) {
      this.areaexpertise = areaexpertise;
   }
}

Persistence.xml

Persistence.xml文件包含数据库的配置信息和实体类的注册信息。 xml文件如下所示:

<?xml version = "1.0" encoding = "UTF-8"?>

<persistence version = "2.0" xmlns = "http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence" 
   xmlns:xsi = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
   xsi:schemaLocation = "http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence 
   http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">
   
   <persistence-unit name = "Eclipselink_JPA" transaction-type = "RESOURCE_LOCAL">
      <class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Staff</class>
      <class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.NonTeachingStaff</class>
      <class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.TeachingStaff</class>
      
      <properties>
         <property name = "javax.persistence.jdbc.url" value = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpadb"/>
         <property name = "javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value = "root"/>
         <property name = "javax.persistence.jdbc.password" value = "root"/>
         <property name = "javax.persistence.jdbc.driver" value = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
         <property name = "eclipselink.logging.level" value = "FINE"/>
         <property name = "eclipselink.ddl-generation" value = "create-tables"/>
      </properties>
      
   </persistence-unit>
</persistence>

Service 类

Service 类是业务组件的实现部分。在 'src' 包下创建一个名为 'com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service' 的包。

在给定包下创建一个名为 SaveClient.java 的类来存储 Staff、TeachingStaff 和 NonTeachingStaff 类字段。然后SaveClient类如下:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.NonTeachingStaff;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.TeachingStaff;

public class SaveClient {
   public static void main( String[ ] args ) {
      EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
      EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.createEntityManager( );
      entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );

      //Teaching staff entity 
      TeachingStaff ts1 = new TeachingStaff(1,"Gopal","MSc MEd","Maths");
      TeachingStaff ts2 = new TeachingStaff(2, "Manisha", "BSc BEd", "English");
      
      //Non-Teaching Staff entity
      NonTeachingStaff nts1 = new NonTeachingStaff(3, "Satish", "Accounts");
      NonTeachingStaff nts2 = new NonTeachingStaff(4, "Krishna", "Office Admin");

      //storing all entities
      entitymanager.persist(ts1);
      entitymanager.persist(ts2);
      entitymanager.persist(nts1);
      entitymanager.persist(nts2);

      entitymanager.getTransaction().commit();
      entitymanager.close();
      emfactory.close();
   }
}

编译并执行上述程序后，您将在 Eclipse IDE 的控制台面板中收到通知。对于输出检查 MySQL 工作台，如下所示:

这里创建了三个表，staff表以表格形式显示的结果如下:

Sid	Dtype	Sname
1	TeachingStaff	Gopal
2	TeachingStaff	Manisha
3	NonTeachingStaff	Satish
4	NonTeachingStaff	Krishna

表格格式的TeachingStaff表结果如下:

Sid	Qualification	Subjectexpertise
1	MSC MED	Maths
2	BSC BED	English

上表中的sid为外键(参考staff表的字段)NonTeachingStaff表以表格形式显示的结果如下:

Sid	Areaexpertise
3	Accounts
4	Office Admin

最后，分别使用它们的字段创建三个表，并且 SID 字段由所有三个表共享。在职员表中，SID 是主键，在其余(TeachingStaff 和 NonTeachingStaff)表中，SID 是外键。

TABLE_PER_CONCRETE_CLASS 每类表策略

每类表策略是为每个子实体创建一个表。将创建职员表，但它将包含空记录。 Staff表的字段值必须被TeachingStaff和NonTeachingStaff表共享。

让我们考虑与上面相同的示例。本项目各模块如下所示:

创建实体

在'src'包下创建一个名为'com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity'的包。在给定包下创建一个名为 Staff.java 的新 java 类。 Staff实体类如下所示:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import java.io.Serializable;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Inheritance;
import javax.persistence.InheritanceType;
import javax.persistence.Table;

@Entity
@Table
@Inheritance( strategy = InheritanceType.TABLE_PER_CLASS )

public class Staff implements Serializable {

   @Id
   @GeneratedValue( strategy = GenerationType.AUTO )

   private int sid;
   private String sname;

   public Staff( int sid, String sname ) {
      super( );
      this.sid = sid;
      this.sname = sname;
   }

   public Staff( ) {
      super( );
   }

   public int getSid( ) {
      return sid;
   }

   public void setSid( int sid ) {
      this.sid = sid;
   }

   public String getSname( ) {
      return sname;
   }

   public void setSname( String sname ) {
      this.sname = sname;
   }
}

在 com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity 包下创建名为 TeachingStaff.java 的 Staff 类的子类(类)。 TeaStaff实体类如下所示:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;
import javax.persistence.Entity;

@Entity
public class TeachingStaff extends Staff {
   private String qualification;
   private String subjectexpertise;

   public TeachingStaff( int sid, String sname, String qualification, String subjectexpertise ) {
      super( sid, sname );
      this.qualification = qualification;
      this.subjectexpertise = subjectexpertise;
   }

   public TeachingStaff( ) {
      super( );
   }

   public String getQualification( ){
      return qualification;
   }
   
   public void setQualification( String qualification ) {
      this.qualification = qualification;
   }

   public String getSubjectexpertise( ) {
      return subjectexpertise;
   }

   public void setSubjectexpertise( String subjectexpertise ){
      this.subjectexpertise = subjectexpertise;
   }
}

在 com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity 包下创建名为 NonTeachingStaff.java 的 Staff 类的子类(类)。 NonTeachingStaff实体类如下所示:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;
import javax.persistence.Entity;

@Entity
public class NonTeachingStaff extends Staff {
   private String areaexpertise;

   public NonTeachingStaff( int sid, String sname, String areaexpertise ) {
      super( sid, sname );
      this.areaexpertise = areaexpertise;
   }

   public NonTeachingStaff( ) {
      super( );
   }

   public String getAreaexpertise( ) {
      return areaexpertise;
   }

   public void setAreaexpertise( String areaexpertise ) {
      this.areaexpertise = areaexpertise;
   }
}

Persistence.xml

Persistence.xml文件包含数据库的配置信息和实体类的注册信息。 xml文件如下所示:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding = "UTF-8"?>
<persistence version = "2.0" xmlns = "http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence"
   xmlns:xsi = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
   xsi:schemaLocation = "http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence 
   http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">

   <persistence-unit name = "Eclipselink_JPA" transaction-type = "RESOURCE_LOCAL">
      <class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Staff</class>
      <class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.NonTeachingStaff</class>
      <class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.TeachingStaff</class>
      
      <properties>
         <property name = "javax.persistence.jdbc.url" value = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpadb"/>
         <property name = "javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value = "root"/>
         <property name = "javax.persistence.jdbc.password" value = "root"/>
         <property name = "javax.persistence.jdbc.driver" value = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
         <property name = "eclipselink.logging.level" value = "FINE"/>
         <property name = "eclipselink.ddl-generation" value="create-tables"/>
      </properties>
      
   </persistence-unit>
</persistence>

Service 类

Service 类是业务组件的实现部分。在 'src' 包下创建一个名为 'com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service' 的包。

在给定包下创建一个名为 SaveClient.java 的类来存储 Staff、TeachingStaff 和 NonTeachingStaff 类字段。 SaveClient类如下所示:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;

import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.NonTeachingStaff;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.TeachingStaff;

public class SaveClient {
   public static void main( String[ ] args ) {
      EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
      EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.createEntityManager( );
      entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );

      //Teaching staff entity 
      TeachingStaff ts1 = new TeachingStaff(1,"Gopal","MSc MEd","Maths");
      TeachingStaff ts2 = new TeachingStaff(2, "Manisha", "BSc BEd", "English");
      
      //Non-Teaching Staff entity
      NonTeachingStaff nts1 = new NonTeachingStaff(3, "Satish", "Accounts");
      NonTeachingStaff nts2 = new NonTeachingStaff(4, "Krishna", "Office Admin");

      //storing all entities
      entitymanager.persist(ts1);
      entitymanager.persist(ts2);
      entitymanager.persist(nts1);
      entitymanager.persist(nts2);

      entitymanager.getTransaction().commit();
      entitymanager.close();
      emfactory.close();
   }
}

编译并执行上述程序后，您将在 Eclipse IDE 的控制台面板中收到通知。对于输出，请检查 MySQL 工作台，如下所示:

此处创建了三个表，Staff 表包含空记录。

TeachingStaff的结果以表格形式显示如下:

Sid	Qualification	Sname	Subjectexpertise
1	MSC MED	Gopal	Maths
2	BSC BED	Manisha	English

上表TeachingStaff包含Staff和TeachingStaff实体的字段。

NonTeachingStaff的结果以表格形式显示如下:

Sid	Areaexpertise	Sname
3	Accounts	Satish
4	Office Admin	Krishna

上表 NonTeachingStaff 包含 Staff 和 NonTeachingStaff 实体的字段。

❮ JPA JPQL 持久性查询语言 JPA 实体关系 ❯

JPA 教程

有用的资源

JPA - 高级映射

继承策略

SINGLE_TABLE 单表策略

创建实体

Persistence.xml

service 类

JOINED_TABLE 联表策略

创建实体

Persistence.xml

Service 类

TABLE_PER_CONCRETE_CLASS 每类表策略

创建实体

Persistence.xml

Service 类

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